[PDF] Energy, environment, and sustainable development | Semantic Scholar.Exergy energy environment and sustainable development download pdf

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Further discus- pound VOC emissions. The relatively low costs of fossil fuels has made humanity increasingly dependent on them and 3. Environmental problems, issues by using exergy as a tool to reduce energy consumption and concerns and environmental degradation. Environmental problems, issues and concerns span a continuously growing range of pollutants, hazards and 3.

Energy use and environmental eco-system degradation factors that affect areas ranging impact from local through regional to global. Some of these concerns arise from observable, chronic effects on, for Energy resources are required to supply the basic hu- instance, human health, while others stem from actual or man needs of food, water and shelter, and to improve perceived environmental risks such as possible accidental the quality of life. The United Nations [24] indicates releases of hazardous materials.

For ex- major areas: increasing energy efficiency and shifting to ample, eleven major areas of environmental concern in environmentally sound energy systems. The major areas which energy plays a significant role have been identi- investigated promote: i the energy transition, ii in- fied [22, 23]: major environmental accidents, water pol- creased energy efficiency and, consequently, increased lution, maritime pollution, land use and siting impact, exergy efficiency, iii renewable energy sources, and radiation and radioactivity, solid waste disposal, haz- iv sustainable transportation systems.

It was reported ardous air pollutants, ambient air quality, acid deposi- that i a major energy efficiency program would pro- tion, stratospheric ozone depletion, and global climate vide an important means of reducing CO2 emissions, and change.

While energy policy was concerned mainly with ii the activities should be accompanied by measures to economic considerations in the s and early s, reduce the fossil fuel component of the energy mix and environmental-impact control, though clean fuels and en- to develop alternative energy sources. These ideas have ergy technologies as well as energy efficiency, have re- been reflected in many recent studies concentrating on ceived increasing attention over the last decade.

Generally, our ability to identify and possible. If not care- pollutants e. Within the mental impact [4, 21, 25]. The impor- and computer simulation studies. Increased efficiency tance of the second law in understanding environmental can help achieve energy security in an environmentally impact implies that exergy, which is based on the second acceptable way by reducing the emissions that might oth- law, has an important role to play in this field.

Increased efficiency also reduces the re- quirement for new facilities for the production, trans- 3. Exergy and the environment portation, transformation and distribution of the various energy forms, and the associated environmental impact of The most appropriate link between the second law and these additional facilities.

To control pollution, efficiency environmental impact has been suggested to be exergy, improvement actions often need to be supported by pol- in part because it is a measure of the departure of the lution amelioration technologies or fuel substitution. The state of a system from that of the environment [2, 21]. This levels, rather than by individual projects.

The concept of the environment as it applies to exergy analysis is discussed in detail 3. Thermodynamics and the elsewhere [1, 3, 13, 18]. In fact, Tribus and McIrvine [27] suggest that which survived and regenerated itself by eating only performing exergy analyses of the natural processes oc- its own tail. By neither taking from nor adding to its curring on the Earth could form a foundation for ecologi- environment, this creature was said to be completely cally sound planning because it would indicate the distur- environmentally benign and self-sufficient.

It is useful bance caused by large-scale changes. Three relationships to examine this creature in light of the thermodynamic between exergy and environmental impact, which have principles recognized today. Assuming that Ouroboros been introduced previously [4—6], are discussed below. Entropy is fundamentally a measure of neither the conservation law for mass nor the first law chaos, and exergy of order. A system of high entropy is of thermodynamics which states energy is conserved.

For states that exergy is reduced for all real processes , since example, a field with papers scattered about has higher Ouroboros would have had to obtain exergy externally to entropy and lower exergy than the field with the papers regenerate the tail it ate into an equally ordered part of its neatly piled. The exergy difference of the two systems is body or it would ultimately have dissipated itself to an a measure of i the exergy and order destroyed when unordered lump of mass.

Thus, Ouroboros would have the wind scatters the stack of papers, and ii the mini- to have had an impact on its environment. The observations that people are bothered by a landscape pol- luted with papers chaotically scattered about, but value the order of a clean field with the papers neatly piled at the side, suggests that, on a more abstract level, ideas re- lating exergy and order in the environment may involve human values [25] and that human values may in part be based on exergy and order.

The degradation of resources found in nature is a form of environmental damage. Kestin [28] defines a resource as a material, found in na- ture or created artificially, which is in a state of disequi- librium with the environment, and notes that resources have exergy as a consequence of this disequilibrium.

Two main characteristics of resources are valued: — composition e. Many processes exist to Figure 2. Comparison of constrained and unconstrained ex- increase the value of such resources by purifying them, ergy illustrating that exergy constrained in a system represents which increases their exergy.

Note that purification is a resource, while exergy emitted to the environment becomes unconstrained and represents a driving potential for environ- accomplished at the expense of consuming at least an mental damage. Increased efficiency preserves fish and plants near the cooling-water outlets from ther- exergy by reducing the exergy necessary for a process, mal power plants.

Further, exergy emissions to the en- and therefore reduces environmental damage. Increased vironment can interfere with the net input of exergy via efficiency also usually reduces exergy emissions which, solar radiation to the Earth e.

The relation between waste exergy emissions exergy from the Sun. It is the exergy or order states and environmental damage has been recognized by sev- delivered with solar radiation that is valued; all the eral researchers e.

Environmental damage can be reduced rating that he felt was preferable to the mainly empirical by taking advantage of the openness of the Earth and ratings then in use, in which the air-pollution cost for a utilizing solar radiation instead of degrading resources fuel was estimated as either i the cost to remove the found in nature to supply exergy demands.

This would pollutant or ii the cost to society of the pollution in the not be possible if the Earth was a closed system, as it form of a tax which should be levied if pollutants are not would eventually become more and more degraded or removed from effluent streams.

The exergy associated with ously that exergy in the environment in the form of re- waste emissions can be viewed as a potential for envi- sources is of value while exergy in the environment in the ronmental damage in that the exergy of the wastes, as form of emissions is harmful due to its potential to cause a consequence of not being in stable equilibrium with environmental damage, confusion can be avoided by con- the environment, represents a potential to cause change.

Most resources found in the environment are con- a potential to change the environment. Clearly, many factors contribute to achieving sustain- able development. Figure 3. Clearly, activities which continually degrade the environment are not sustainable over time, while those that have no or lit- unconstrained emissions of exergy are free to impact in tle negative impact on the environment are more likely an uncontrolled manner on the environment.

To elaborate to contribute to sustainable development provided, of further on this point, consider a scenario in which emis- course, that they satisfy the other conditions for sustain- sions to the environment are constrained e. This action yields two potential benefits: the potential for environmental dam- age is restrained from entering the environment, and the 4.

Energy and sustainable now-constrained emission potentially becomes a valued development commodity, i. The decrease in the environmental impact of a process, The relation between sustainable development and the in terms of several measures, as the process exergy effi- use of resources, particularly energy resources, is of great ciency increases is illustrated approximately in figure 3.

A supply of energy resources is generally agreed to be a necessary, but not sufficient, requirement for development within a society. In some countries e. Sustainable development available domestically, while in others e. Sustainable development has been defined and inter- For development that is sustainable over long periods preted in numerous ways [29, 30].

One of the most often of time, there are further conditions that must be met. Exergy methods are essential in evalu- ecological management of natural and human engineered ating and improving efficiency. This implication acknowledges that most energy resources are to some degree finite, so that greater efficiency in utiliza- tion allows such resources to contribute to development over a longer period of time, i. Even if one or more energy resources eventually become inexpensive and widely available, in- creases in energy efficiency will likely remain sought to reduce the associated environmental impacts, and the re- Figure 4.

Qualitative illustration of the relation between the source requirements energy, material, etc. Energy and environmental ability. For exam- ple, in a recent study by Cornelissen [17] on thermody- The environmental aspects of energy use merit further namics and sustainable development, it is pointed out that consideration, as a large portion of the environmental im- one important element in obtaining sustainable develop- pact in a society is associated with energy-resource uti- ment is the use of exergy analysis.

By noting that energy lization. Further, the study shows that environmen- no or minimal negative impact on the environment. This tal effects associated with emissions and resource deple- latter condition is usually met when relatively inert emis- tion can be expressed in terms of one exergy-based indi- sions that do not react in the environment are released, or cator, which is founded on physical principles.

Thus, the methods relating exergy and economics ment, i. The objectives of most existing analysis tech- gree of environmental impact.

Exergy-based economic analysis reduced levels of related waste emissions. Therefore, it methods are referred to by such names as thermoeco- follows that the limitations imposed on sustainable de- nomics, second-law costing, cost accounting and exer- velopment by environmental emissions and their negative goeconomics.

Several detailed reviews of these analysis impacts can be in part overcome through increased effi- techniques have recently been published [35, 36].

There, sustainability is seen to increase and environmental im- 4. Exergy and sustainability pact to decrease as the exergy efficiency of a process in- creases.

Also A single unit of the electrical generating station is sustainability approaches infinity because the process ap- illustrated in figure 5.

The overall system consists of four proaches reversibility. Eight pulverized-coal-fired approaches zero because exergy-containing resources are natural circulation steam generators each produce used but nothing is accomplished. Also, environmental Regenerative air pre- heaters are used. The flue gas passes through an elec- trostatic precipitator rated at The steam The ideas discussed in this paper are demonstrated for produced in the steam generators is passed through a se- the process of electricity generation using a coal-fired ries of turbine generators, which are connected to a trans- steam power plant.

The net power output is MW. Each unit has a 3 rpm, tandem-compound, impulse-reaction tur- bine generator containing one single-flow high-pressure 5. Description of the power plant cylinder, one double-flow intermediate-pressure cylinder and two double-flow low-pressure cylinders.

Steam ex- hausted from the high-pressure cylinder is reheated in the The plant considered is the coal-fired Nanticoke gen- steam generator. Extraction steam from several points on erating station. The individual units of the station each the turbines preheats feed water in several low- and high- have net outputs of approximately MWe. A substan- pressure heat exchangers and one spray-type open deaer- tial base of data has been obtained for the station, which ating heat exchanger. The low-pressure turbines exhaust has been operating since He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier?

Marc A. He has written numerous books and journal articles. Account Options Anmelden. Meine Mediathek Hilfe Erweiterte Buchsuche. Access Online via Elsevier Amazon. Exergy : Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Ibrahim Dincer , Marc A. In this regard, several key topics ranging from the basics of the thermodynamic concepts to advanced exergy analysis techniques in a wide range of applications are covered as outlined in the contents. Offers comprehensive coverage of exergy and its applications, along with the most up-to-date information in the area with recent developments Connects exergy with three essential areas in terms of energy, environment and sustainable development Provides a number of illustrative examples, practical applications, and case studies Written in an easy-to-follow style, starting from the basics to advanced systems.

Voransicht des Buches ». It is required for domestic, industrial and other usage. With regard to industrial activity, energy is used to power various … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. European Union energy policy for sustainable development Nonlinear distribution proposed for EU\’s energy goals A. Becerra , X. Bravo , F. There is worldwide concern for the high consumption of energy from fossil fuels, the limited fossil fuel resources, the climate change and global warming and their possible long-term consequences and … Expand.

View 3 excerpts, cites background. Davidsdottir Environmental Science. Ozturk , I. Dincer Engineering, Environmental Science. A comprehensive evaluation system for energy-efficient renovation of urban existing residential buildings Jinlong Ouyang Engineering.

Nowadays, energy efficiency improvement is very important for China to ensure national energy security and economic development, and to reduce environmental load to mitigate the criticism pressures … Expand. Sustainability of energy production and use in Iran A. Karbassi , M. Abduli , E. Abdollahzadeh Economics. In this approach, technological innovation promoted by market-oriented policy frameworks enables the mainstream … Expand.

A worldwide perspective on energy, environment and sustainable development I. Rosen Environmental Science. Problems with energy supply and use are related not only to global warming, but also to such environmental concerns as air pollution, ozone depletion forest destruction and emission of radioactive … Expand. Energy, environment and sustainable development A.

 
 

 

Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development | Semantic Scholar.Exergy as the confluence of energy, environment and sustainable development

 

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Exergy energy environment and sustainable development download pdf

 
 
WebJan 01,  · Request PDF | Exergy, environment, and sustainable development | In this chapter, we consider exergy as the confluence of energy, environment, and . WebAuthor: Christos A. Frangopoulos Publisher: EOLSS Publications ISBN: Size: MB Format: PDF, ePub, Docs View: Access Book Description Exergy, . WebExergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Ibrahim Dincer & Mark Rosen. Second Edition, Elsevier Not required – the class will primarily be based on .